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SALSA Denuncia a Posição Radical da FUNAI no Brasil (5-7-20)

May 7, 2020
In AAA-SALSA COVID-19 Taskforce, Anthropology & SALSA on COVID-19, COVID-19 Related Concerns, Public Issues News, SALSA Action Statements
By SALSA

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SALSA Denuncia a Posição Radical da FUNAI no Brasil

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The Society for the Anthropology of Lowland South America, an international scholarly organization composed of professors, students, and practitioners, is united in voicing our strong opposition to policies proposed by Brazil’s National Indian Foundation (FUNAI) that would permit the occupation and sale of land by third parties within that country’s Indigenous Territories. The recently proposed institutional norm #9/2020 (from April 22, 2020) gives the green light to squatters, loggers, and land-grabbers who would seek to challenge Indigenous Territories before they are officially “homologized,” the penultimate step in the territorial recognition process. Currently in Brazil there are 237 Indigenous Territories that have passed through a years-long, complex, and intensive declaration process, and are stuck in the queue awaiting homologization. It is precisely there that the proposed norm looks to give legal cover for the invasion, subdivision, and sale of Indigenous lands awaiting final demarcation. During his campaign for office, President Jair Bolsonaro promised to “not demarcate one millimeter more” land for Brazil’s 305 Indigenous peoples, which account for more than 1 million of its citizens. Norm #9/2020 goes further than the government simply refraining from recognizing Indigenous territories, which itself is a violation of Brazil’s Constitution and international treaties such as ILO Convention #169. This rule will ensure that Indigenous peoples awaiting demarcation will face an onslaught of new land invasions, an especially dire prospect given the global coronavirus pandemic. The threat is potentially far greater, as well, given judicial and procedural rules that aim to disestablish already-demarcated territories due to the “time stamp” (marco temporal) interpretation of the 1988 Brazilian Constitution. In all, Indigenous communities near expanding agricultural and mining frontiers might be forced to look on as the territorial basis of their livelihood disintegrates into lots, deeds, and bills of sale given the imprimatur of FUNAI. SALSA also denounces in the strongest possible terms FUNAI’s press release (titled “The Facts,” from May 4, 2020), which demonizes advocates and anthropologists who have worked for decades alongside Brazil’s Indigenous peoples to demarcate their lands. The statement is hyperbolic, labeling the past twenty years of Brazilian governments as “socialist” and alleging falsely that NGOs active in the Amazon are beholden to international conspiracies that threaten Brazilian sovereignty. In fact, since its founding in 1967 it has been FUNAI that invites and oversees anthropologists and other specialists working in technical teams to research and establish Indigenous Territories, always in consultation with Indigenous peoples. The politically-tinged discourse is regrettable, but revelatory: FUNAI president Marcelo Augusto Xavier da Silva, a 2019 Bolsonaro appointee, appears ready to literally sell out on the agency’s core mission to protect and promote the rights of Indigenous Brazilians. It is clear that, despite the hollow appeals to democracy or new policies based on “ethnodevelopment,” FUNAI’s leadership has been tasked with opening for sale the territories of Brazil’s originary peoples without their consent or endorsement. We condemn these policies, lament the manipulative language, and call on all defenders of human rights to stand in solidarity with Brazil’s Indigenous peoples.A Sociedade para a Antropologia das Terras Baixas de América do Sul (SALSA), uma organização acadêmica internacional composta por profissionais e estudantes, se une na denúncia enfática e na oposição às políticas propostas pela Fundação Nacional do Índio (FUNAI), que pretende permitir a invasão ou venda das terras de uma terça parte das Terras Indígenas no Brasil. A Norma Institucional 9/2020, proposta em 22 de abril de 2020, dá luz verde a invasores, madeireiros, garimpeiros e grileiros que buscam ocupar territórios indígenas antes de sua homologação, a penúltima fase do processo de demarcação de uma Terra Indígena. Atualmente, há no Brasil 237 Terras Indígenas que estão aguardando demarcação tendo passado já por processos longos, complexos e intensos, e que estão estancados aguardando homologação. É exatamente neste ponto que a norma proposta pretende dar cobertura legal para a invasão, divisão, e venda de terras indígenas aguardando demarcação. Durante sua campanha para a presidência, Jair Bolsonaro, agora eleito, prometeu não demarcar “nenhum milímetro mais” de terras para os cerca de 305 povos indígenas no Brasil, que contabilizam mais de um milhão de cidadãos brasileiros. A norma #9/2020 vai além de simplesmente parar o reconhecimento de terras indígenas, o que seria já, em si, uma violação da Constituição e de diversos tratados internacionais ratificados pelo Brasil, tal como a Convenção 169 da OIT. Essa proposta colocam povos indígenas que aguardam a demarcação de suas terras frente a uma nova onda de invasões, uma possibilidade especialmente preocupante dada a pandemia global do COVID-19. A ameaça é potencialmente muito maior, tendo em vista normas jurídicas e processuais que visam rever Terras Indígenas já demarcadas via uma interpretação da Constituição de 1988 que se baseia no conceito do “Marco Temporal.” Comunidades Indígenas próximas a fronteiras agrícolas e de mineração talvez se vejam obrigadas a assistir seu território que permitem seus meios de vida se desintegrando em lotes, negociações e vendas, com o incentivo da FUNAI.

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SALSA denuncia ainda, em termos os mais enfáticos possíveis, a nota oficial da FUNAI (intitulada “Os Fatos,” de 4 de maio de 2020), que demoniza advogados e antropólogos que vêm trabalhando por décadas junto a povos indígenas no Brasil nos processos de demarcação de terras. Esta nota é hiperbólica, rotulando os governos dos últimos anos como “socialistas” e alegando, falsamente, que as ações de ONGs na Amazônia seriam parte de conspirações internacionais que colocariam em risco a soberania brasileira. De fato, desde sua fundação em 1967, cabe à FUNAI indicar e acompanhar o trabalho de antropólogos e outros especialistas que compõem Grupos de Trabalho que estabelecem em diálogo com os indígenas em questão a extensão e o formato de suas Terras a serem demarcadas.  O discurso, com viés político claro, demanda refutação, mas nem por isso deixa de ser revelador: o Presidente da FUNAI Marcelo Augusto Xavier da Silva, que foi nomeado por Bolsonaro, parece pronto a literalmente vender a missão principal dessa instituição, que é de proteger e promover os direitos dos povos indígenas no Brasil. Está claro que, apesar dos apelos indevidos a um aspecto que seria democrático das novas políticas baseadas no “etnodesenvolvimento,” a direção da FUNAI tem atuado para abrir à venda os territórios dos povos indígenas do Brasil sem seu consentimento. Nós condenamos essas políticas, lamentamos sua linguagem manipulativa, e convidamos todos os defensores dos direitos humanos a se posicionar em solidariedade aos povos indígenas brasileiros.

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Los miembros de la Sociedad para la Antropología de las Tierras Bajas de América del Sur, una organización académica internacional compuesta por profesores, estudiantes y profesionales,  expresamos nuestra fuerte oposición a las políticas propuestas por la Fundación Nacional del Indio de Brasil (FUNAI) que permitirían a terceros a ocupar y vender tierras dentro de los Territorios Indígenas. La norma institucional # 9/2020 (del 22 de abril de 2020), recientemente propuesta, da luz verde a los ocupantes ilegales, madereros y acaparadores de tierras para subvertir o prevenir  el penúltimo paso en proceso de reconocimiento de territorios indígenas, la “homologación” oficial.  237 Territorios Indígenas del Brasil están atrapados en la cola esperando la homologación, tras sobrellevar por años este proceso complejo e intensivo. Es precisamente allí donde la norma propuesta busca dar cobertura legal para la invasión, subdivisión y venta de aquellas tierras indígenas que esperan demarcación final. Durante su campaña para el cargo, el presidente Jair Bolsonaro prometió “no demarcar un milímetro más” de tierra para los 305 pueblos indígenas de Brasil, que representan más de 1 millón de sus ciudadanos. La norma #9/2020 va más allá de que el gobierno simplemente se abstenga de reconocer los territorios indígenas, lo que en sí mismo es una violación de la Constitución de Brasil y los tratados internacionales como el Convenio #169 de la OIT. Esta regla garantizará que los pueblos indígenas que esperan la demarcación se enfrenten a otra avalancha de invasiones de tierras, un pronóstico gravísimo dada la pandemia mundial de coronavirus. La amenaza tiene un potencial todavía peor, debido a las reglas judiciales y procesales que tienen como objetivo desestabilizar, por medio de interpretaciones sesgadas del marco temporal de la Constitución brasileña de 1988, los territorios ya demarcados. Como consecuencia, las comunidades indígenas cercanas a las fronteras de expansión agrícolas y mineras podrían verse obligadas a contemplar sin recurso como se desintegran los territorios que proveen su sustento, convirtiéndose en parcelas, escrituras y facturas de venta con el sello de FUNAI.

SALSA también rechaza enérgicamente el comunicado de prensa de FUNAI (titulado “Los hechos,” del 4 de mayo de 2020), que demoniza a los defensores y antropólogos que han trabajado durante décadas junto a los pueblos indígenas de Brasil para demarcar sus territorios. La declaración es hiperbólica al calificar como “socialistas” los últimos veinte años de gobiernos brasileños y al alegar falsamente que las ONGs activas en el Amazonas hacen parte de conspiraciones internacionales que amenazan la soberanía brasileña. De hecho, desde su fundación en 1967, ha sido FUNAI quien ha invitado y supervisado a antropólogos y otros especialistas que trabajan en equipos técnicos para investigar y establecer Territorios Indígenas, en diálogo con los pueblos Indígenas. El comunicado tiene fuertes visos politiqueros y es lamentable, pero también es revelador: el presidente de FUNAI, Marcelo Augusto Xavier da Silva, designado por Bolsonaro en 2019, parece dispuesto a traicionar la misión principal de la agencia de proteger y promover los derechos de los indígenas brasileños. Está claro que, a pesar de los llamamientos insinceros a la democracia y las nuevas políticas basadas en el “desarrollo étnico,” al liderazgo de FUNAI se le ha encargado poner en venta los territorios de los pueblos originarios de Brasil, sin su consentimiento o respaldo. Condenamos estas políticas, lamentamos su lenguaje manipulador y exhortamos a todos los defensores de los derechos humanos a que se solidaricen con los pueblos indígenas de Brasil.

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[expand title=”SALSA Denounces the Radical Posture of FUNAI in Brazil” tag=”h2″]

The Society for the Anthropology of Lowland South America, an international scholarly organization composed of professors, students, and practitioners, is united in voicing our strong opposition to policies proposed by Brazil’s National Indian Foundation (FUNAI) that would permit the occupation and sale of land by third parties within that country’s Indigenous Territories. The recently proposed institutional norm #9/2020 (from April 22, 2020) gives the green light to squatters, loggers, and land-grabbers who would seek to challenge Indigenous Territories before they are officially “homologized,” the penultimate step in the territorial recognition process. Currently in Brazil there are 237 Indigenous Territories that have passed through a years-long, complex, and intensive declaration process, and are stuck in the queue awaiting homologization. It is precisely there that the proposed norm looks to give legal cover for the invasion, subdivision, and sale of Indigenous lands awaiting final demarcation. During his campaign for office, President Jair Bolsonaro promised to “not demarcate one millimeter more” land for Brazil’s 305 Indigenous peoples, which account for more than 1 million of its citizens. Norm #9/2020 goes further than the government simply refraining from recognizing Indigenous territories, which itself is a violation of Brazil’s Constitution and international treaties such as ILO Convention #169. This rule will ensure that Indigenous peoples awaiting demarcation will face an onslaught of new land invasions, an especially dire prospect given the global coronavirus pandemic. The threat is potentially far greater, as well, given judicial and procedural rules that aim to disestablish already-demarcated territories due to the “time stamp” (marco temporal) interpretation of the 1988 Brazilian Constitution. In all, Indigenous communities near expanding agricultural and mining frontiers might be forced to look on as the territorial basis of their livelihood disintegrates into lots, deeds, and bills of sale given the imprimatur of FUNAI.

SALSA also denounces in the strongest possible terms FUNAI’s press release (titled “The Facts,” from May 4, 2020), which demonizes advocates and anthropologists who have worked for decades alongside Brazil’s Indigenous peoples to demarcate their lands. The statement is hyperbolic, labeling the past twenty years of Brazilian governments as “socialist” and alleging falsely that NGOs active in the Amazon are beholden to international conspiracies that threaten Brazilian sovereignty. In fact, since its founding in 1967 it has been FUNAI that invites and oversees anthropologists and other specialists working in technical teams to research and establish Indigenous Territories, always in consultation with Indigenous peoples. The politically-tinged discourse is regrettable, but revelatory: FUNAI president Marcelo Augusto Xavier da Silva, a 2019 Bolsonaro appointee, appears ready to literally sell out on the agency’s core mission to protect and promote the rights of Indigenous Brazilians. It is clear that, despite the hollow appeals to democracy or new policies based on “ethnodevelopment,” FUNAI’s leadership has been tasked with opening for sale the territories of Brazil’s originary peoples without their consent or endorsement. We condemn these policies, lament the manipulative language, and call on all defenders of human rights to stand in solidarity with Brazil’s Indigenous peoples.

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